The System of Courts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The System of Courts - Essay Example Be that as it may, there are a few contentions about the Supreme Court, going from the absence of teeth to the excessive costs engaged with setting up this establishment. In the following scarcely any pages, I might want to talk about why ‘The making of a Supreme Court was a pointless and excessively expensiveâ reform. The Appellate Committee of the House of Lords was independent,â effective and was viewed as perhaps the best court in the world.’ Background The House of Lords invested wholeheartedly in understanding its legal job more than 600 years prior and its principle motivation and impact was the ‘Curia Regis’ or crafted by the regal court. This bit of work helped in exhorting the sovereign just as passing laws at the most elevated level inside the state. Till the year 1399, it was the capacity of the two Houses of Parliament to tune in to petitions in any case, the finish of this current year denoted the House of Commons to have no greater contribut ion in such cases, along these lines going out of Lords as the most noteworthy court of request. ... the legal business of the House and their forces and capacities remembered deciding in favor of enactment as full individuals from the House of Lords anyway they once in a while practiced these rights. The office of the House of Lords was the gathering place for tuning in to claims anyway tragically after the shelling of the Second World War, the Law Lords chose to shape an individual Appellate Committee of their own on the grounds that the structure fixes and clamors were diverting them from completing their work experiences. What's more, accordingly this new advisory group room of theirs developed from an impermanent plan to a perpetual one shaping a different Appellate Committee to ignore certain cases and issues. All the Law Lords turned into the main Justices when the Supreme Court started in October 2009. As per the Ministry of Justice, the Supreme Court was to give more prominent lucidity in the protected courses of action of the nation by actualizing a further partition of th e legal executive from the lawmaking body. It was expressed that the Supreme Court was to expect the ward of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords just as the devolution locale of the Privy Council. Autonomous Law Lords were to be designated so as to direct the court which would be arranged in Middlesex Guildhall on London's Parliament Square - inverse the Houses of Parliament and close by Westminster Abbey and the Treasury. The Guildhall will in this manner start to work from October 2009 onwards to fill in as a zenith assemblage of justice.1 according to the UK Department for Constitutional Affairs, the locale of the Supreme Court was explained as a viewpoint that would assume control over the legal elements of both the House of Lords just as the Privy Council to a degree. All issues under English law, Welsh law and

The Principles And Misconceptions In Effective Interpersonal Communications Psychology Essay

The Principles And Misconceptions In Effective Interpersonal Communications Psychology Essay Great relational aptitudes, with the guide of relational abilities and passionate knowledge, are a weapon that can work possibly in support of things to come of recently wedded couples. Learning ones conduct depends, entirely, fair and square of connection between the gatherings, guided by standards of correspondence. The last impacts the unfurling of future occasions basing on apparent trust. In the advanced society, family associations, particularly relationships, are confronting choppiness times regardless of expert instructors. The outcome is that a high extent of these associations for the most part end up in separate, legitimizing the rising number of single parent families all inclusive. The reason for such a pattern, to a degree, is poor relational abilities seeing someone and misinterpretations that emerge from that point. Consequently, absence of away from of the core values of relational connections is the main source of insecurity in numerous associations. In the first place, there isn't one realized approach to cure social clashes emerging from relational connections. Specialists in conjugal and family matters (directing and mentoring experts and psychotherapists) have, for quite a while, proposed use of an amalgam of different measures to rescue breaking relationships. Among them, are as portrayed beneath: The standards and misguided judgments in powerful relational interchanges Relational connections built up basing on receptiveness and genuineness are relied on lucidity of relational interchanges. At the point when one of the couples feels pulled back from the discussion, at that point the sign sent is exceptionally clear, suggesting that the nature of correspondence is weakening steadily. Thus, sooner rather than later dynamic becomes one people duty. Accordingly, clashes develop and its devastative impacts become up and coming or lamentable (LeBaron, 2008). Therefore, as set forward by Pierce, in his book Training in Interpersonal Communication Skills with the Partners of Deteriorated Marriages, regard is the, principal, basic belief of any fruitful relational connections. Its most basic piece is that couples should initially comprehend and concur with the way that regard is commonly earned, however not directed. Accordingly, couples will value themselves, of who they truly are, as far as character and abilities. Hence, couples ought not mistake regard for dread. This is on the grounds that dread carries feeling of inadequacy to the burdened party. The above featured focuses are of equivalent significance to maintaining a strategic distance from of superfluous interference to the next gathering through understanding their mind-set, mentality, and conduct. Superfluous impedances take numerous structures relying upon the couples different preferences. For instance, couples ought to learn and work on tuning in and talking aptitudes. This empowers a smooth progression of discussion, which put comprehension to the ideal. In this manner, odds of misconception are low, as the association makes due through future plausible clashes (Pierce, 2001). Characterize enthusiastic knowledge and its job in viable relational connections Enthusiastic knowledge has different forms of definitions. This idea as characterized by Salovey and Meayer, (1990) could suggest the comprehension of ones emotions and applying the equivalent in sensible reasoning. It likewise envelops the capacity to comprehend different people groups enthusiastic connect to a similar issue in contrast with your view. The key issues featured in this definition shapes the premise of understanding and improving relational correspondence and relational connections. For instance, a couple should know their feelings and rouse each other to change for their better lives. The executives of individual feelings and that of others improves ones abilities in taking care of contentions seeing someone particularly conjugal associations, which by and large have solid connection. Different researchers like Marques, (2007) further joined the implications of these feelings during the time spent tackling relational issue among connections. As per John Cox, (2011), enthusiastic knowledge has huge outcomes when applied successfully. On the side of that, Cox laid out the different jobs of passionate knowledge, whose effects came about to extraordinary advantage to couples who embraced his proposition. For instance, one of the essential jobs of enthusiastic insight is mindfulness. This improves ones capacity to perceive their feelings, empowering them to comprehend its consequences for them and others. As a couple, you will precisely assess yourselves as far as quality and shortcoming and thus figure out how to receive one another, in this way fabricating fearlessness and trust among yourself. Another job of enthusiastic insight is that of self-administration. This expertise causes couples to adjust to their new condition, empowering them to create proactive measures to obscure circumstance. Inspiration that joins self-administration forces one to perform stunningly better. The dependable of couples improves as each gathering can connect enthusiastic consistency to conduct, an explanation advocating their uprightness. Hence, all occasions come full circle to couples getting hopeful of spending a lifetime together. Social mindfulness is another part of passionate insight whose commitment is similarly significant as those talked about above. Social mindfulness upgrades sympathy, which is, understanding and creating worry to different people groups government assistance. As couples so as to live joyfully with genuine affection, parties in the association must feel felt for, particularly when they are down inwardly. Couples will figure out how to be administration situated on account of being socially mindful of what they are required to do. Connections the board shapes the last segment of the jobs played by enthusiastic insight in self-awareness. Enthusiastic insight encourages one to motivate and control different people groups conduct as a good example. This is through provoking others to enhance their presentation and understand their maximum capacity, likewise starting change the executives demeanor. Learning different people groups responses, particularly that of your life partner upgrades neighborly compromise procedures among the couples. This is on the grounds that exchange aptitudes will improve their relational correspondence. Distinguish the boundaries to viable relational interactions.â Relational cooperation requires both mindful tuning in and discernibility in talking. People for the most part feel acknowledged when given the consideration they merit or conversed with unassumingly with deference. Couples ought to figure out how to talk and hear each out other at once. Conflicting of discussions is normally seen to have exuded from rivalry for consideration between the couples, which as a rule creates to a squabble a misconception. A portion of the obstructions to tuning in as set forth by Beebe et al. 2000 are as per the following: Having a basic mentality towards the speaker, couples ought to be wary while moving toward one another with a preset brain or disposition since it forms into a propensity with time. Outer interruption can make loss of focus a discussion, either briefly or for all time. Bantering in a situation with sharp commotion consequently contorts the proposed data and accordingly, misconception could prompt superfluous clashes. Twisted concentrate, which is, attempting to concentrate on tuning in to the speaker and simultaneously taking care of different issues. When being conversed with by your accomplice, your listening time is profoundly important in light of the fact that it decides the aftereffect of the discussion or ensuing reactions and responses. Obstructions to viable talking incorporate however not restricted to the accompanying: Uncertainty a discussion, which needs clearness will in general darken the message transferred. The utilization of modified works, languages, and unaccepted casual lingos, as a rule prompts misconception. Prejudging demeanor hurrying to making ends for the most part bring about realities clashing. Couples should attempt however much as could be expected to; consistently have a full examination of every others see before settling on restricting choices. Generalization and speculation implying generalizations for the most part hinders the progression of data. Consequently, to abstain from being viewed as intolerant by your accomplice, for citing normal and good for nothing proclamations, couples should stop such practices. To finish up on this issue of hindrances to successful correspondence, a few systems to help tuning in and talking aptitudes are as per the following: For instance, direct your emphasis on your accomplice during discussion, focus, and focus on the speaker. Simultaneously, be empathic with your accomplice to show that really you are effectively taking an interest in the discussion. Hindrances to powerful talking could diminish if the speaker centers around the current issue instead of the individual to abstain from being enthusiastic. Additionally, upgrade validity all through the discussion to show believability (Beebe et al. 2000). 4). Assess fitting degrees of self-exposure seeing someone Self-revelation is a circumstance whereby an individual chooses, deliberately, to share data in regards to their private or individual lives, which the other party would not have known. Divulgence happens when connections that individuals structure has developed solid and common trust normally exist between the people. As indicated by West Turner, (2006), divulgence uplifts the degree of closeness in the relationship. That is, the quality of bond between the couples typically improves and withstands the trial of time from conjugal powers. Couples ought to figure out how to confide in one another with their properties, and above all data relating to their lives. This is on the grounds that exposure of one gathering impacts the other party to attempt to legitimize their section, a circumstance West Turner alluded to as dyadic impact. That is, the convincing propensity of a people divulgence impacting the other party to likewise uncover

OpenDyslexic Font Now Available in MindMeister! - Focus

OpenDyslexic Font Now Available in MindMeister! - Focus Were proud to announce that MindMeister, which already helps countless dyslexic students organize their thoughts with the power of mind mapping, now supports OpenDyslexic a typeface specifically created for people with dyslexia! OpenDyslexic  is a font that aims to mitigate some of the common reading errors caused by dyslexia, such as letter confusion, rotation and crowding. With their heavy-weighted bottoms, letters have more gravity,   which helps to keep them from flipping and swapping around. While it is not a cure for the problem and may not work for all dyslexic readers, the font has received a lot of positive feedback from users and has been installed as an optional choice in e-readers, school computers and certain websites, such as Wikipedia. Its also available as a Chrome add-on. Just like OpenDyslexic, the mind map format can help people with dyslexia make sense of texts. Those with dyslexia can benefit from mind mapping software if they struggle to get their thoughts and ideas down in a structured way. It is also helpful software for those who prefer visual working as opposed to linear lists.www.dyslexic.com Over the years, weve heard from countless students with learning disabilities that using MindMeister has changed the way they study, improving grades and enabling them to continue climbing up the academic tree.   Combining the mind map format with the OpenDyslexic font was therefore the next logical step for us, and were happy to announce that the font is now available for all MindMeister users. To select the font in one of your mind maps, simply click on the ( i ) button in the top bar of the map editor and select Customize. In the dialog that opens, select OpenDyslexic from the font menu. You can choose whether to use the font for the maps main topic, its first-level sub topics, or all topics in the map. If you give the new font a try, let us know how you get on in the comments below! OpenDyslexic Font Now Available in MindMeister! - Focus Were proud to announce that MindMeister, which already helps countless dyslexic students organize their thoughts with the power of mind mapping, now supports OpenDyslexic a typeface specifically created for people with dyslexia! OpenDyslexic  is a font that aims to mitigate some of the common reading errors caused by dyslexia, such as letter confusion, rotation and crowding. With their heavy-weighted bottoms, letters have more gravity,   which helps to keep them from flipping and swapping around. While it is not a cure for the problem and may not work for all dyslexic readers, the font has received a lot of positive feedback from users and has been installed as an optional choice in e-readers, school computers and certain websites, such as Wikipedia. Its also available as a Chrome add-on. Just like OpenDyslexic, the mind map format can help people with dyslexia make sense of texts. Those with dyslexia can benefit from mind mapping software if they struggle to get their thoughts and ideas down in a structured way. It is also helpful software for those who prefer visual working as opposed to linear lists.www.dyslexic.com Over the years, weve heard from countless students with learning disabilities that using MindMeister has changed the way they study, improving grades and enabling them to continue climbing up the academic tree.   Combining the mind map format with the OpenDyslexic font was therefore the next logical step for us, and were happy to announce that the font is now available for all MindMeister users. To select the font in one of your mind maps, simply click on the ( i ) button in the top bar of the map editor and select Customize. In the dialog that opens, select OpenDyslexic from the font menu. You can choose whether to use the font for the maps main topic, its first-level sub topics, or all topics in the map. If you give the new font a try, let us know how you get on in the comments below!

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Article Analysis The Nursing Shortage Essay - 1703 Words

Article Analysis: The Nursing Shortage Nursing shortages have occurred in health care throughout history, and especially since World War II. Just as the legion of baby boomers is about to swell the need for quality health care, Americas nursing population is aging and more nurses are moving into primary care settings and into other disciplines. As a result, Americas hospitals and other institutions need more nurses, especially those who deliver specialized care. As a healthcare provider and businessman this topic is of a special interest to me because nursing shortage have caused my business to loose million of dollars in the past five years. This paper examines the nursing shortage in the health care industry, the use of†¦show more content†¦The purpose of this study is two fold: (1) to identify if there are shortage of nurses and recommend a prevention model that would assist nurse executives in attracting and retaining nurses in the acute hospital setting and provides recommendations on how best to increase the nursing supply. (2) to examine the relationship among health care professionals, commitment to the organization, and perceptions of collaboration among nurses and physicians. During a major nursing shortage in the early 1980s, the American Academy of Nursing (AAN) conducted an extensive research project to identify hospitals in New York that was successful in recruiting and retaining nurses. The objective of the project was to evaluate characteristics of hospital structures that supported professional nursing practice (Aiken et al., 2000). The result of this research lead to the following questions that guided this study: (a) did the nurses consider the hospital a good place to practice nursing; (b) did the hospital have the ability to recruit and retain nurses (c) was the hospital located in an area, within a city, considered to be in a competitive marketplace and; (d) will team collaborative effort with other health care team improve patient outcome. This study used a cross-sectional, non- experimental, retrospective design to identify the hiring criteria, vacancies, nurse-patient ratio, job satisfactionShow MoreRelatedPICOT and Literature Review Worksheet1574 Words   |  6 Pagesthat nursing can change and select key words for a literature search. Directions: Use the form below to complete the PICOT assignment in Milestone #1. This includes filling in the table with information about your research question and your PICO(T) elements, as well as answering the Search Technique questions. Step 1: Identify the Problem. What have you noticed in your work or school environment that isnt achieving the desired patient or learning outcomes? What needs to change in nursing, whatRead MoreThe Global Nursing Shortage : Development Of Strategies For Primary Focus On Nursing Staff Attraction And Retention1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe global nursing shortage leads to the development of strategies which primary focus on nursing staff attraction and retention. According to Quill, a nursing shortage continuously increases due to obvious reasons such as burnout, retirement, long shift hours, underpayments, injuries, and overall job dissatisfaction. â€Å"As of 2010, 40% of registered nurses in the USA are older than age 50 and planning for retirement† (Quill, 2012). Quill points out that nursing shortage was considered as a â€Å"globalRead MoreEconomic Tool and Concepts1121 Words   |  5 Pagesthe shortage of nurses. It is perceive by the health care industry the shortage of nursing supply than the demand across the country. The demand for nurses in every health care organization growth in a daily basic as the technology advance. The consumers are always demanding for more personalize and quality of health care services at the time they are seeking for health care delivery creating nurses supply to be less in every health organization. A few probable reasons for nursing shortage withinRead MoreThe Critical Appraisal Skills Programme967 Words   |  4 Pagesthe use of the CASP tool, the article was examined by this author to determine if the results of the study were valid, what the results were, and what application or purpose they support. The qualitative study demonstrates attrition from nursing, contributing factors, and possible solutions to maintain nurses in the profession. Aims The goal of the qualitative research article was the work that nurses do in the profession, and why attrition rates are high in the nursing profession. The authors assertRead MoreA Short Supply Of Registered Nurses1629 Words   |  7 Pagescomplicated further because nursing schools have limited capacity to deal with the demand increase for healthcare as the US concentrates in injecting reforms to the care sector. As a result, there has emerged a public outcry over the deficit. Ideally, such a shortage jeopardizes the safety of patients and the country’s health. Ideally, this paper will dissect the problem of the nursing shortage, causes and the possible solution to the issue. An Overview of the Nursing shortage in the US Alexander RobbinsRead MoreQualitative Research878 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is so stressful about caring for a dying patient? Nursing 314 – Research February 3, 2013 What is so stressful about caring for a dying patient? Death is something that we all have to deal with, be it in our profession or in our daily lives. This article discusses the reasons why caring for dying patients is stressful for nurses and is a high risk for burn out. The article also gives findings related to the study and gives recommendations based on the results. The study shows thatRead MoreE Health Records : The Healthcare And Its Ancillary Industries838 Words   |  4 Pagesthe number of patients. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW The success for any Hospital and residential care facility is directly related to its nursing staff. How patients are looked after by the nurses affects their health, recovery and safety. With the increasing number of Americans in the age category of 60 and above the demand for nurses is only increasing. As per SHRM1 nursing is one of the toughest jobs and nearly 1/3rd of the new jobs will be in this industry with growth rate of 19% up till 2022, moreoverRead MoreArticle Review of Retaining Nurses and Other Hospital Workers: An Intergenerational Perspective of the Work Climate836 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Article Review: Nurse Retention Introduction: Nursing is a field in which personnel must contend with a wide variance of daily challenges, both specific to the job itself and more generally as a result of labor conditions within the field. The latter issue in particular implicates a nation-wide nursing shortage, where matters such poor nurse-to-patient ratios, long working hours and low morale have contributed to a generally high turnover within this field. The result is that any given medicalRead MoreThe Global Issue Of Mental Health And Shortage Of Nursing Staff1692 Words   |  7 Pagesaim of this utilization review is compare and contrast the global issue of mental health and shortage of nursing staff. Mental health is not the primary choice of nursing students when they graduate, and there is a shortage of psychiatric nurses as the older generation is coming closer to retirement. Across the states in Australia, studies have been conducted by Registered Nurses to survey and analyze nursing students and their field of pref erence after graduation. From the studies analyzed in thisRead MoreWhy Are Nurses Leaving? Findings From An Initial Qualitative Study On Nursing Attrition?874 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy on nursing attrition†. The title is clear. The phenomena being studied is evident that while an abundance of data exist regarding the RN who stays at the bedside, few studies have explored the perceptions of the RN who decides to leave clinical nursing. More information should be provided in the title in order to inform the reader about the article’s content Abstract The abstract is shorter than a typical abstract at 67 words. The abstract manages to answer that the nursing shortage remains

International Business And Mergers And Acquisitions Free Essays

string(33) " the size of both organizations\." Introduction Many activities of mergers and acquisitions involve companies that are relatively small- those that are inexistent on the mainstream business radar (James, 2007). There is a particular theory among executives that expansion is the best way to approach globalization. The idea has been shared for more than 100 years as illustrated by Karl Marx’s perception a hundred years ago that a single capitalist will always kill many others. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business And Mergers And Acquisitions or any similar topic only for you Order Now This meant that several capitalists that are constantly dwindling will in the end monopolize everything. The situation in global mega-mergers, then, is a do-or-die one where the business entity desiring to survive, has to be among the biggest players in the world. There are a number of benefits that are associated with mega-mergers but limitations exist as well (Hill, 2010). Benefits of global mega-mergers Strategic benefits come with a combination of two organizations that are highly complementary. When the companies combine, the fixed costs get to be reduced since the duplicate departments and operations get to be removed. Profit margins also increase resulting from the lowered costs of the organization relative to a similar revenue stream. A number of efficiencies also get to be improved after the mega-merge for instance when the merge leads to an increase in the scope of marketing (Graham et al, 1997). Another strategic benefit associated with mega-mergers is the increase in revenue or market share that comes with the merge (Gaughan, 1991). The two companies combining here are both international companies that trade in the international market hence each company’s competitive power is high. The eventual entity that will be formed from the two combining companies will absorb this competing power and increase the market power of the resulting organization. An example of these strategic benefits in a mega-merger is the 2001 merging of Hewlett-Packard and the Compaq companies (James, 2007). Initially HP went through the usual challenges of a merge including internal turmoil that resulted from the laying off of a considerable number of former Compaq workers. The stocks of the Company went down and in the company’s efforts to market as well as differentiate the two PC’s brands; Dell took advantage and absorbed the market share. However, four years later the two organizations consolidated well and HP increased its market power, the cost structure became improved and the company went ahead to become the largest vendor of PC in the world (James, 2007). Limitations of global mega-mergers Global mega-mergers require a considerable amount of time and effort before the two organizations can successfully consolidate and integrate the operational functions smoothly. This is probably the biggest limitation of a global mega-merger since people issues will have to be addressed and coming to terms with the new company’s organizational details will not be immediate. Additionally, an extremely complicated merger is less likely to survive the integration process (Straub, 2007). Sometimes the expansion of the company is not a corporate desire but rather it is influenced by the market trend and the herd behavior (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). When other companies in a particular industry choose to follow a particular path, the other companies are inclined to follow suit in order for them to signal that they are ‘with it’ or just to hide in the herd and not stand out as the odd one out (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). An example is a manager of a European bank who sees a majority of its larger competitors choosing to go pan-European (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). This manager would be inclined to follow suit to avoid being the odd one out although the manager is aware that there is a tendency of size increasing complexity instead of savings. This pack mentality is further reinforced by incentive systems in the industry that base the performance of a CEO on the comparison between the company’s performance and that of its competitors (Ghadar and Ghem awat, 2000). Global mega mergers cause the company to overlook other equally beneficial alternative approaches to globalization. The fact that many companies share a common assumption that mergers are the best way to deal with globalization blinds the companies to other better options. The only occasion that a merger can be considered appropriate and necessary is when it is recommended after a detailed assessment of the market conditions and the strategic options of the company (Cartwright and Schoenberg, 2006). Many executives believe the global economy to be an economy that favors the winner alone although no empirical evidence has been found yet to validate this assumption (Cartwright and Schoenberg, 2006). Resulting from this assumption, executives believe that the larger the cross-border deal they engage in, the stronger the company becomes globally. This limited view makes them forget that there are other alternative ways that can be used to approach globalization rather than continuous expansion. Conclusion The idea that global mega-mergers are the right approach to globalization is beneficial if it is done for the right reasons and after a comprehensive assessment of the appropriateness and the risk factors. The strategic benefits that come with the merging elevate the company to new heights in the market. Successful consolidation results in increased market power as well as revenues. The problem sets in when the MA activities are done from influence, the herd behavior or a misguided notion of the approach to globalization. This usually leads to a complicated merger whose probability of surviving the integration or consolidation process is very low. Essay question 2 Introduction Business leaders engaging in a merger or acquisition get to be confronted with diverse challenges especially when the activity is taking place within a complex cross-border event. The global mega-merger is one such type of merger that poses numerous challenges both prior to and after the merging activity. This can be attributed partly to the large size of both organizations since they are more diversified. In addition, the processes that will be followed before and after the merger is completed will be complex due to the size of both organizations. You read "International Business And Mergers And Acquisitions" in category "Essay examples" A sound strategy as well as a deep understanding of the issues relating to the operations, tax, and culture of both organizations is very necessary if the planning and initiating of the MA deal in the pre-merger phase is to be successful. The negotiation and valuation skills also have to be comprehensive in order for the deal to be closed favorably. The challenges tend to magnify after the deal is closed. The post-merger integration phase is characterized by the strategic buyers unlocking the announced value and integration of a number of functions, cultures and processes. The challenges that crop up prior to and after the deal is closed create a risk of failure that must be reduced if not eliminated. Measures in pre-merger phase In the pre-merger phase, priority should be on selecting the appropriate acquisition target. In order to reduce the risks of failure, the pre-merger phase has to be approached through a comprehensive due diligence analysis. The comprehensive due diligence will enable the two firms to have clear picture of what they are getting into or what they are becoming a part of. The target profile will therefore be created in the due diligence analysis. The appropriate attorneys, tax advisors as well as auditors have to be consulted before the complete target profile is formed (Straub, 2007). A target profile that follows this thorough analysis is less likely to result to an inappropriate target choice. The eventual target profile created enables the company to realize which the best possible deal is and which is not. This is then followed by sound negotiating skills. After the experts value the target, other professional with the necessary negotiation skills should be introduced to go through with the negotiation process. This detailed process starting from the due diligence analysis to the negotiation process will ensure every possible aspect has been observed and the risk of the merger failing because there was an element that was overlooked gets to be reduced. When the full value potential of a merger is not identified and unlocked the risk of the merger failing stays high (Auerback, 1988). Value can only be created in a merger when the synergies’ value is more than the paid acquisition premium. In order to identify and unlock the full value of the merger, the revenue and asset efficiency have to be enhanced, the OPEX and cost of capital have to be reduced, and the integration costs have to be monitored tightly (Straub, 2007). Areas with the highest value potential can be identified when industry-specific benchmarks and synergy opportunity checklists are utilized. A number of benefits spots need to be sought aiming to unlock more sources of value from the merger in addition to the pure consolidation benefits and reconfiguration benefits. Measures in the post-merger phase In the post-merger integration, a long term strategy should be planned to be applied starting the first day. It is also important to define the target state of the new entity. The integration master plan formulated will determine the clarification of the new business as well as that of the operating model. The merger needs sustainable employee support which can be ensured through application of meaningful communication together with a cultural change program (Straub, 2007). Cross-border mergers are large and complex and therefore require a program office that will coordinate and monitor the process of integration across the different countries, functions, as well as business units. The post-merger phase also requires an MA lifecycle management to be carried out consistently so that business areas that are not fitting the corporate strategy can be divested (Straub, 2007). This divestment reduces the risks of the merger failing resulting from allocation of resources to business areas not fitting the corporate strategy. A divestment strategy should then be developed, potential areas of divestment identified and analyzed and an appropriate demerger concept designed (Auerback, 1988). Leadership compatibility issues also have to be taken into account and areas of incompatibility identified. When the leaders relate without conflict, the employees are prone to respect the leaders and discipline can be promoted in the workplace (Fletcher, 2005). The governance system is also another area that should be considered if the risks of the merger failing are to be reduced. Governing bodies such as program management steering committees have to be functioning effectively if the integration process is to run smoothly (Fletcher, 2005). The common mistake made is the assumption that checks and balance systems are the only elements required for stakeholder interests to receive effective corporate governance. Another measure that would reduce the risks of failure in the post-merger phase is the strategic evaluation and rewards systems applied on employee performance (Auerback, 1988). There is common tendency for people in organizations to resent the new colleagues who occupy a similar position but get significantly more recognition or compensation. When the performance management and reward systems are not approached delicately, a number of issues such as morale issues, reduced employee productivity and undesired turnover can arise (Fletcher, 2005). Conclusion Global mega-mergers face challenges in both the pre-merger and the post-merger phases which eventually create the risk of failure. Some measures that can reduce this risk of failure include carrying out of a comprehensive due diligence analysis that will result in the formation of a detailed and reliable target profile. It is important to ensure that the target company’s value, operational and functional aspects are gotten right before it can be chosen. In the post merger phase, it is important to ensure the full value potential of the merger is identified and unlocked. A program office is also essential for the coordination and monitoring of the process of integration across the different countries, operational and functional units. Leadership compatibility cannot be overlooked and appropriate methodologies should be formulated to identify possible areas of leadership incompatibility. References Auerbach, A. J. (1988), Corporate Takeovers: Causes and Consequences, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Fletcher, A. (2005), Avoiding Post Merger Blues. Bearing Point Inc. International Drive, McLean, viewed April 27, 2012, http://www.imaa-institute.org/docs/ma/bearingpoint_01_avoiding%20post-merger%20blues.pdf Gaughan, P. A. (1991), Mergers and Acquisitions, HarperCollins, New York. Cartwright, S. and Schoenberg, R. (2006), â€Å"Thirty Years of Mergers and Acquisitions Research: Recent Advances and Future Opportunities†, British Journal of Management, vol. 1, issue S1, pp.S1–S5. Ghadar, F. and Ghemawat, P. (2000), The Dubious Logic of Global MegaMergers. Harvard Business Review. Graham, Edward M., and J. David Richardson, eds. (1997), Global Competition Policy, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC. Hill, C. (2010), International Business – Competing in the Global Marketplace, (8th Edition) McGraw Hill, London. James, G. (2007), Lessons from Mega-mergers, CBS News, viewed April 27, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505125_162-51163246/lessons-from-the-mega-mergers/ Straub, T. (2007), Reasons for frequent failure in Mergers and Acquisitions: A comprehensive analysis, Deutscher Universitats-Verlag, Wiesbaden. How to cite International Business And Mergers And Acquisitions, Essay examples International Business and mergers and acquisitions Free Essays string(48) " complex due to the size of both organizations\." Essay question 1 Introduction Many activities of mergers and acquisitions involve companies that are relatively small- those that are inexistent on the mainstream business radar (James, 2007). There is a particular theory among executives that expansion is the best way to approach globalization. The idea has been shared for more than 100 years as illustrated by Karl Marx’s perception a hundred years ago that a single capitalist will always kill many others. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business and mergers and acquisitions or any similar topic only for you Order Now This meant that several capitalists that are constantly dwindling will in the end monopolize everything. The situation in global mega-mergers, then, is a do-or-die one where the business entity desiring to survive, has to be among the biggest players in the world. There are a number of benefits that are associated with mega-mergers but limitations exist as well (Hill, 2010). Benefits of global mega-mergers Strategic benefits come with a combination of two organizations that are highly complementary. When the companies combine, the fixed costs get to be reduced since the duplicate departments and operations get to be removed. Profit margins also increase resulting from the lowered costs of the organization relative to a similar revenue stream. A number of efficiencies also get to be improved after the mega-merge for instance when the merge leads to an increase in the scope of marketing (Graham et al, 1997). Another strategic benefit associated with mega-mergers is the increase in revenue or market share that comes with the merge (Gaughan, 1991). The two companies combining here are both international companies that trade in the international market hence each company’s competitive power is high. The eventual entity that will be formed from the two combining companies will absorb this competing power and increase the market power of the resulting organization. An example of these strategic benefits in a mega-merger is the 2001 merging of Hewlett-Packard and the Compaq companies (James, 2007). Initially HP went through the usual challenges of a merge including internal turmoil that resulted from the laying off of a considerable number of former Compaq workers. The stocks of the Company went down and in the company’s efforts to market as well as differentiate the two PC’s brands; Dell took advantage and absorbed the market share. However, four years later the two organizations consolidated well and HP increased its market power, the cost structure became improved and the company went ahead to become the largest vendor of PC in the world (James, 2007). Limitations of global mega-mergers Global mega-mergers require a considerable amount of time and effort before the two organizations can successfully consolidate and integrate the operational functions smoothly. This is probably the biggest limitation of a global mega-merger since people issues will have to be addressed and coming to terms with the new company’s organizational details will not be immediate. Additionally, an extremely complicated merger is less likely to survive the integration process (Straub, 2007). Sometimes the expansion of the company is not a corporate desire but rather it is influenced by the market trend and the herd behavior (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). When other companies in a particular industry choose to follow a particular path, the other companies are inclined to follow suit in order for them to signal that they are ‘with it’ or just to hide in the herd and not stand out as the odd one out (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). An example is a manager of a European bank who sees a majority of its larger competitors choosing to go pan-European (Ghadar and Ghemawat, 2000). This manager would be inclined to follow suit to avoid being the odd one out although the manager is aware that there is a tendency of size increasing complexity instead of savings. This pack mentality is further reinforced by incentive systems in the industry that base the performance of a CEO on the comparison between the company’s performance and that of its competitors (Ghadar and Ghem awat, 2000). Global mega mergers cause the company to overlook other equally beneficial alternative approaches to globalization. The fact that many companies share a common assumption that mergers are the best way to deal with globalization blinds the companies to other better options. The only occasion that a merger can be considered appropriate and necessary is when it is recommended after a detailed assessment of the market conditions and the strategic options of the company (Cartwright and Schoenberg, 2006). Many executives believe the global economy to be an economy that favors the winner alone although no empirical evidence has been found yet to validate this assumption (Cartwright and Schoenberg, 2006). Resulting from this assumption, executives believe that the larger the cross-border deal they engage in, the stronger the company becomes globally. This limited view makes them forget that there are other alternative ways that can be used to approach globalization rather than continuous expansion. Conclusion The idea that global mega-mergers are the right approach to globalization is beneficial if it is done for the right reasons and after a comprehensive assessment of the appropriateness and the risk factors. The strategic benefits that come with the merging elevate the company to new heights in the market. Successful consolidation results in increased market power as well as revenues. The problem sets in when the MA activities are done from influence, the herd behavior or a misguided notion of the approach to globalization. This usually leads to a complicated merger whose probability of surviving the integration or consolidation process is very low. Essay question 2 Introduction Business leaders engaging in a merger or acquisition get to be confronted with diverse challenges especially when the activity is taking place within a complex cross-border event. The global mega-merger is one such type of merger that poses numerous challenges both prior to and after the merging activity. This can be attributed partly to the large size of both organizations since they are more diversified. In addition, the processes that will be followed before and after the merger is completed will be complex due to the size of both organizations. You read "International Business and mergers and acquisitions" in category "Essay examples" A sound strategy as well as a deep understanding of the issues relating to the operations, tax, and culture of both organizations is very necessary if the planning and initiating of the MA deal in the pre-merger phase is to be successful. The negotiation and valuation skills also have to be comprehensive in order for the deal to be closed favorably. The challenges tend to magnify after the deal is closed. The post-merger integration phase is characterized by the strategic buyers unlocking the announced value and integration of a number of functions, cultures and processes. The challenges that crop up prior to and after the deal is closed create a risk of failure that must be reduced if not eliminated. Measures in pre-merger phase In the pre-merger phase, priority should be on selecting the appropriate acquisition target. In order to reduce the risks of failure, the pre-merger phase has to be approached through a comprehensive due diligence analysis. The comprehensive due diligence will enable the two firms to have clear picture of what they are getting into or what they are becoming a part of. The target profile will therefore be created in the due diligence analysis. The appropriate attorneys, tax advisors as well as auditors have to be consulted before the complete target profile is formed (Straub, 2007). A target profile that follows this thorough analysis is less likely to result to an inappropriate target choice. The eventual target profile created enables the company to realize which the best possible deal is and which is not. This is then followed by sound negotiating skills. After the experts value the target, other professional with the necessary negotiation skills should be introduced to go through with the negotiation process. This detailed process starting from the due diligence analysis to the negotiation process will ensure every possible aspect has been observed and the risk of the merger failing because there was an element that was overlooked gets to be reduced. When the full value potential of a merger is not identified and unlocked the risk of the merger failing stays high (Auerback, 1988). Value can only be created in a merger when the synergies’ value is more than the paid acquisition premium. In order to identify and unlock the full value of the merger, the revenue and asset efficiency have to be enhanced, the OPEX and cost of capital have to be reduced, and the integration costs have to be monitored tightly (Straub, 2007). Areas with the highest value potential can be identified when industry-specific benchmarks and synergy opportunity checklists are utilized. A number of benefits spots need to be sought aiming to unlock more sources of value from the merger in addition to the pure consolidation benefits and reconfiguration benefits. Measures in the post-merger phase In the post-merger integration, a long term strategy should be planned to be applied starting the first day. It is also important to define the target state of the new entity. The integration master plan formulated will determine the clarification of the new business as well as that of the operating model. The merger needs sustainable employee support which can be ensured through application of meaningful communication together with a cultural change program (Straub, 2007). Cross-border mergers are large and complex and therefore require a program office that will coordinate and monitor the process of integration across the different countries, functions, as well as business units. The post-merger phase also requires an MA lifecycle management to be carried out consistently so that business areas that are not fitting the corporate strategy can be divested (Straub, 2007). This divestment reduces the risks of the merger failing resulting from allocation of resources to business areas not fitting the corporate strategy. A divestment strategy should then be developed, potential areas of divestment identified and analyzed and an appropriate demerger concept designed (Auerback, 1988). Leadership compatibility issues also have to be taken into account and areas of incompatibility identified. When the leaders relate without conflict, the employees are prone to respect the leaders and discipline can be promoted in the workplace (Fletcher, 2005). The governance system is also another area that should be considered if the risks of the merger failing are to be reduced. Governing bodies such as program management steering committees have to be functioning effectively if the integration process is to run smoothly (Fletcher, 2005). The common mistake made is the assumption that checks and balance systems are the only elements required for stakeholder interests to receive effective corporate governance. Another measure that would reduce the risks of failure in the post-merger phase is the strategic evaluation and rewards systems applied on employee performance (Auerback, 1988). There is common tendency for people in organizations to resent the new colleagues who occupy a similar position but get significantly more recognition or compensation. When the performance management and reward systems are not approached delicately, a number of issues such as morale issues, reduced employee productivity and undesired turnover can arise (Fletcher, 2005). Conclusion Global mega-mergers face challenges in both the pre-merger and the post-merger phases which eventually create the risk of failure. Some measures that can reduce this risk of failure include carrying out of a comprehensive due diligence analysis that will result in the formation of a detailed and reliable target profile. It is important to ensure that the target company’s value, operational and functional aspects are gotten right before it can be chosen. In the post merger phase, it is important to ensure the full value potential of the merger is identified and unlocked. A program office is also essential for the coordination and monitoring of the process of integration across the different countries, operational and functional units. Leadership compatibility cannot be overlooked and appropriate methodologies should be formulated to identify possible areas of leadership incompatibility. References Auerbach, A. J. (1988), Corporate Takeovers: Causes and Consequences, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Fletcher, A. (2005), Avoiding Post Merger Blues. Bearing Point Inc. International Drive, McLean, viewed April 27, 2012, http://www.imaa-institute.org/docs/ma/bearingpoint_01_avoiding%20post-merger%20blues.pdf Gaughan, P. A. (1991), Mergers and Acquisitions, HarperCollins, New York. Cartwright, S. and Schoenberg, R. (2006), â€Å"Thirty Years of Mergers and Acquisitions Research: Recent Advances and Future Opportunities†, British Journal of Management, vol. 1, issue S1, pp.S1–S5. Ghadar, F. and Ghemawat, P. (2000), The Dubious Logic of Global MegaMergers. Harvard Business Review. Graham, Edward M., and J. David Richardson, eds. (1997), Global Competition Policy, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC. Hill, C. (2010), International Business – Competing in the Global Marketplace, (8th Edition) McGraw Hill, London. James, G. (2007), Lessons from Mega-mergers, CBS News, viewed April 27, 2012, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505125_162-51163246/lessons-from-the-mega-mergers/ Straub, T. (2007), Reasons for frequent failure in Mergers and Acquisitions: A comprehensive analysis, Deutscher Universitats-Verlag, Wiesbaden. How to cite International Business and mergers and acquisitions, Essay examples

Print Is King In Advertising Essays - , Term Papers

Print Is King In Advertising THE strong growth in print advertising saw it claw back to take market share away from television for the first year since television's 1978 launch. Print advertising has consistently lost market share to television. But last year the tide turned. According to the latest Adindex figures, media investment grew by 12.5% to R5.1-billion. In the previous year, however, there had been a 15.2% increase, indicating a slowdown in adspend growth. But print, which is the largest media investment category, showed a 17% increase to R2.4-billion. Its share of the total increased to 45.6% from 43.8%. Dick Reed, managing director of the Media Shop, says that Afrikaans weekend newspapers grew by as much as 40% as a clear result of advertisers seeking to maintain coverage of Afrikaans speakers who were offended and alienated by the downgrading of Afrikaans programming on the new SABC TV channels. Adspend on freesheet newspapers was up 26.5% and consumer magazines 21.5%. English dailies were up 15.7%, English weekend newspapers were up 17.7% and financial journals 19.4%. Afrikaans consumer magazines and black/coloured and Asian magazines grew by only 8.7% and 4.6% respectively. Television's growth of only 7.2% to R1.9-billion saw its share of total adspend drop to 37.8% from 39.6%. The figures help to explain why the SABC is under so much pressure. M-Net achieved 18.2% against growth of just 2.2% by the three SABC TV channels. This is a major reason for SABC requiring government funding to cover an operating deficit in the current budget year, says Reed. Investment in radio was up 14.7%, with its share marginally improving to 12.8%. East Coast Radio, Radio Lotus Stereo and 5FM showed good growth. But SAFM lost 21.1% and Radio Sonder Grense lost 10.3%. Reed says these figures continue the slide of the national cultural English and Afrikaans services since their relaunches by the SABC. There was a sharp rise in media investment in cinema, bringing its share up to just under 1% of total media investment. Marketing Essays

The Emergence of International Human Rights essays

The Emergence of International Human Rights essays Recent developments in international politics, which have both ceased and contributed to shaping prevalent, universalized norms, are of significant importance, upon the pursuit of the study of human rights in an international context. Especially as a result of world wars experiences and in the euphoria of the uncertainty after the Cold War, the establishment of international human rights became inevitable, but the recent political developments and the anarchic nature of international, national system challenged the international human rights regime. The main goal of this thesis is to show how difficult it is to establish an international human rights regime in a realist world which is basically run by realist rules of the game. To begin with, the issue of Human Rights has occupied the international agenda for a long time, and naturally international relations literature has discussed this issue from different perspectives. One of the most important perspectives has been the analysis of Human Rights from International Regime perspective which indeed could hardly find its place in the international politics that by nature and by definition is anarchic meaning the absence of an international government, i.e. the absence of international regime. In spite of that fact, the scholars have not ignored the issue and it has been discussed and to a certain extent the international human rights regime has been able to be applied and implemented in the world politics, for example, the European Convention on Human Rights which came to the agenda that grew them out of the devastation of Second World War. Indeed, The European Convention on Human Rights has its roots in the philosophical tradition of universal rights, whic h stretches back to the Enlightenment of the 18th century and the French Revolution. But the actual catalyst for creating a model set of rights in the 20th century was the Allies' determination to bring peace to Europe. The first i...

Measure for Measure Act 2 - Analysis

Measure for Measure Act 2 - Analysis Our Measure for Measure Study Guide is packed with scene-by-scene analysis for this classic Shakespeare play. Here we focus on  Measure for Measure  Act 2 analysis to guide you through the plot. Act 2, Scene 1 Angelo is defending his actions by saying that the law must change in order that the people continue to have fear and respect of it. He compares the law to a scarecrow which after time, no longer scares the birds but acts as a perch for them. Escalus urges Angelo to be more temperate, he tells him that Claudio is from a good family and that he could have easily been promoted to a similar position as Angelo’s. He asks Angelo to be fair, saying: â€Å"Whether you had not sometime in your life Erred in this point which now you censure him†. Escalus questions Angelo wondering whether he is being hypocritical. Angelo admits to being tempted but says he has never given in to his temptation: â€Å"Tis one thing to be tempted, Escalus, another thing to fall† He says that he would expect the same treatment if he transgressed but acknowledged that he could well have done in another circumstance. Angelo talks about the fine line between criminals and those who pass the law, we are all capable of criminality but some have the power to prosecute others that don’t. Angelo orders the Provost to execute Claudio and nine the next morning. Escalus hopes that heaven will forgive Claudio and Angelo for condemning him; he feels sorry for Claudio who has only made one small mistake, and contemplates Angelo’s fate for potentially committing worse actions and going unpunished: â€Å"Well heaven forgive him, and forgive us all! Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall. Some run from brakes of vice, and answer none; and some condemned for a fault alone† Enter Elbow a constable, Froth a foolish gentleman, Pompey, and officers. Elbow explains that he is the Duke’s constable. He often gets his words muddled so it makes it difficult for Angelo to question him. He has brought Froth and Pompey to him for being in a brothel. Froth confesses to working for Mistress Overdone and Escalus tells the men that working in prostitution is illegal and punishable and that they should not be seen in a brothel again. Escalus then asks Elbow to bring him the names of other worthy constables. He reflects on Claudio’s fate with regret but feels that nothing can be done about it. Act 2 Scene 2 The Provost is hoping that Angelo will relent. Angelo enters; The Provost asks him if Claudio will die the next day. Angelo tells him that of course he will die and asks him why he is being questioned on the matter. Angelo tells the Provost that he should get on with his job. The Provost explains that Juliet is about to give birth, he asks Angelo what should be done with her. Angelo tells him to: â€Å"Dispose of her to some more fitter place and that with speed.† The Provost explains that a very virtuous maid, the sister of Claudio wishes to speak with Angelo. It is explained to Angelo that she is a nun. Isabella implores Angelo to condemn the crime but not the man who committed it. Angelo says that the crime is already condemned. Urged on by Lucio to be less cold, Isabella further entreats Angelo to free her brother; she says that had Claudio been in Angelo’s position he would not have been so stern. Angelo tells Isabella that Claudio will die; she tells him that Claudio is not ready and pleads with him to give him a stay of execution. Angelo’s will appears to be bending as Isabella is told to return tomorrow. Isabella says: â€Å"Hark how I’ll bribe you, good my lord, turn back.† This pricks Angelo’s interest: â€Å"How bribe me?† She offers to pray for him. Angelo is sexually attracted to Isabella but is confused because he is more attracted to her because she is virtuous. He says: â€Å"O let her brother live!... What do I love her†.

Discussion question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Discussion question - Coursework Example Therefore, VG should maintain the TSH level for eradicating any sort of work disturbance (Womenshealth, 2014). VG should consult with the doctor to know the reason of fatigue problem and test the TSH level for her body, which remained high as per the previous findings of the TSH level. From the perspective of instituting a therapy, it can be inferred that by conducting the TSH test regularly, VG can monitor the respective problem and likewise take measures for enhancing her wellbeing (Medicine health, 2015). If VG becomes pregnant, then she needs to consult with a gynecologist for further treatment and medication. On the other hand, if VG face thyroid problem, then the medication for her can be the replacement of thyroid hormones along with L-thyroxine dose. This dose has to be given at the initial stage based on medical history, age and weight of the patient (Medicine health,

Stakeholder and Governance Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stakeholder and Governance Analysis - Essay Example Its aim is to raise awareness on the dangers of the pandemic especially among the youths who are more vulnerable. The initiative is meant to promote quality health to all through the provision of clean and safe water to drink as well as awareness campaign against the spread of HIV/Aids. The main aim of the initiative is the fight against spread of HIV/Aids pandemic. The roundabout bolted on top of borehole was designed as a play power for the children hence they would be subconsciously consuming the Aids awareness information inscribed on the billboards while at play. They would be pumping clean and safe water for domestic use into the overhead tank which promotes better, quality health through the reduction of waterborne diseases and provision of water for vegetables. Stakeholders are often referred to as people who have interests in a certain project as well as those who are affected by that project. The major stakeholders in this case are the manufacturers of the roundabouts, local government, commercial advertisers, and children in particular as well as other ordinary members of the community who are beneficiaries of the project. Empowerment is mainly in the form of sponsorship from either the government or other charity organisations. The manufactures can be offered financial assistance for this noble cause by donor agencies such as NGOs. This would go a long way in establishing similar projects in many areas across the country. Stakeholders in the category of beneficiaries can be empowered through the provision of financial assistance that can be used to start small scale income generating projects that may improve the quality of their lives. Projects should be run by local community members who are the beneficiaries as a way of creating a sense of belonging such that they would utilise the project to the fullest extent inorder to achieve the desired goals. This initiative is meant to

Overweight And Obesity Of Saudi Arabian Adolescents Physical Education Essay

Overweight And Obesity Of Saudi Arabian Adolescents Physical Education Essay Today, obesity is one of the main concerns among health professionals as a result of its recent and rapid increase in prevalence worldwide. The problems of obesity and overweight are seen in adults and children in both developed and developing countries (World Health Organization (WHO), 1999). Obesity in Saudi Arabia is a rampant disease which has continued to escalate in frequency and size over past decades. Madani (2000) maintains that throughout Saudi Arabia that 14% of children less than 6 years can be categorised as obese; while 83% of adults are simultaneously suffering from the same affliction. Unfortunately, the limited scope of empirical research throughout Saudi Arabia leaves limited attribution variables for analysis and will thereby require in-depth investigation. Furthermore, there is limited research to sustain the relationship between urban and rural lifestyles in this region and their influence on the incidence of obesity. Aims and Objectives of Study The scope of obesity research is extensive given the current affection within international communities. Unfortunately, there is limited empirical analysis of Saudi Arabia that can be used to establish a strategic offensive against this prevalent disease. Recognising such deficiency, the aims of this analysis revolve around conduct of a cross-sectional research study in an attempt to define the socio-economic relationship with obesity in Saudi Arabia among adolescents. Through this analysis, a measurement methodology will be defined which includes categorical qualification and variable comparison to determine at-risk levels for adolescents in this global region. A main aim of this analysis is to investigate the relationship between urban and rural obesity as well as the other variables including exercise and diet which influence the prevalence of this disease. Overall, the objectives of this analysis are to provide indicative data regarding obesity prevalence and the association of socio-demographic and lifestyle variables including dietary habits and exercise frequency. By exploring the specific caloric intake levels and food profiles, determination will be made regarding consumption differences between rural and urban areas, generating a blueprint of obesity that supersedes traditional boundaries. Significance of Study In modern Saudi Arabian society, childhood obesity remains the most significant of health concerns, detracting from overall well-being regardless of economic or social factors. Madani (2000) reminds that obesity is a direct contributor increase in mortality rates due to cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and non-insulin dependent diabetes. The main objectives of this study are to explore the main contributors to Saudi Arabian obesity in the context of diet, exercise, and demographic data. Through comparative analysis, this study will provide an empirical framework wherein at-risk categories can be prescribed for health care practitioners to assist in attribution. Furthermore, this analysis will directly contribute to leading academic theories regarding differentiation between urban and rural social foundations and their influence on children. Providing evidence to inform a strategy for obesity combat, this research will offer a gateway for further research and encourage local awar eness and implementation of control measures. Review of Literature Obesity is the heavy and disproportionate collation of fat to an extent that that it can significantly increase risk of disease contraction which can prove detrimental to health like heart disease and diabetes. Whilst there are a genetic, environmental and psychological components contributing to obesity, the main cause is a lack of activity combined with high calorie food intake. This chronic disease is characterized by a severe imbalance in energy metabolism as a result of excessive food intake in tandem with reduced energy expenditure. The WHO estimates that approximately 20 million children less than five years old, all around the globe, are overweight (WHO, 2003). Statistics have shown that it is not only developed countries suffering from this problem; developing countries in the Middle East, Western Pacific and Latin America have high levels of obesity among children (Popkin, 2002a). The Gulf States (GCC) are the richest among the developing countries and as a result of the economic boom, obesity and overweight have become one of the main health problems in this part of the world (Musaiger 2004). Significant economic growth has had a negative impact on the Saudi life style, particularly in terms of diet habits and customs, where traditional food has been replaced by high fat, high sugar, fast food (Al-Othaimeen, 2007). Moreover, this financial change has encouraged the people of Saudi Arabia to move from rural villages to urban cities. This huge change in the environment has led to a change in food habits and styles of physical activities, because urbanisation provides easy access to modern technology, including transportation and a high availability of food at all times of the year (Mendez and Popkin, 2004). Obesity in Saudi Arabia is a rampant disease that has continued to escalate in frequency and breadth over the past decades. More than one study has shown that the prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia ranges between 11.8 per cent and 36.1 per cent (Al-Nozha et al., 2008). Recently, a study found that more than 52 per cent of pregnant women are obese (El-Gilany and El-Wehady, 2009). Moreover, research to study cardiovascular disease and its impacts among 17,232 Saudi adults demonstrated that 72.5 per cent of Saudi people are obese or overweight (Al-Nozha et al., 2005). The highest prevalence of obesity among Saudi children was found in Riyadh, the central region of Saudi Arabia (Al-Nuaim et al., 1996) The prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia is of significant concern, and research studies have been undertaken to better develop causal hypotheses and predictions for future incidence. Abalkhail (2002) determined that between 1994 and 2000, a significant increase in BMI in Saudi Arabian adolescents occurred which was directly correlated with lifestyle and eating habits. These variables led to the conclusion that enhanced nutrition education and school system intervention were essential to supporting healthy development of Saudi children. In fact, recent research by Mahfouz et al. (2008) determined that Saudi school interventions involving increased physical activity and behavioural therapy have garnered significant results in the decrease of childhood obesity. Given that preventative techniques are linked to social networks, establishing a foundation of aversion and active mitigation continues to assist Saudi residents in overcoming the influences of this disease. To date, there is only one national nutrition survey represent prevalence of childhood obesity in Saudi Arabia. This household survey done between 1994 to 1998 and involved only 12,701 children aged 1-18 years (Al-Nuaim, 1996 ). These data were collected from families living in capital cities and urban areas which make this study not truly representative. Beside this national survey, there are number of studies collected at regions level. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabian children is vary because of using different standards and definitions of obesity. Table 1.1 summaries some of published studies. Table 1.1 studies from Saudi Arabia Reference details subjects Measurement methods Main outcomes Life style and nutrition and their impact on health of Saudi school students in Abha, Southwestern region of Saudi Arabia Farghaly, N(2006) Cross sectional Country: Saudi (south) N: 767 Age: male and female students in primary, intermediate and secondary school (7-18 years). -BMI -Height -Weight -BMI=weight (Kg)/ height2 (m2 ) -Obesity: weight-for-height z-scores more than 2 standard deviation above the mean. (WHO NCHS) -72% of primary school students consume food rich in carbohydrates, low fiber -male practicing longer physical activities than female -15.9% were obese -11% were overweight. Overweight and obesity and their relation to dietary habits and socio-demographic characteristics among male primary school children in Al-Hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Amin,T et all (2008) Cross sectional study Country: Saudi (Eastern region) N:1139 Age: 5th and 6th grades. -weight -height -BMI -Youth and Adolescence Food Frequency Questionnaire (YFFQ) -obese when BMI>95 -overweight when BMI>85 -YFFQ: to assess dietary consumption of adolescents by asking of frequency food consumption per day. -14.2% were overweight. -9.7% were obese -the prevalence of obesity and overweight is more in urban than in rural. -obesity in children linked with low educated mother. Overweight and obesity among attendees of primary care clinics in a university hospital Country: Saudi (Central region) N:3205 Age: all patient male and female who visited outpatient clinics at the University Hospital -Riyadh Between 22 April-22May 2006 -weight -height -BMI -BMI: weight in kilogram divided by height in meters square. -all anthropometric measurements were taken by professional nurses. -60.3% of adolescent are within normal body mass index -18.7% were overweight, (BMI=25 to -only 3.4% were morbid obese, BMI>40 Obesity among Saudi male adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Al-Rukban,M (2003) Saudi Med J ; Vol. 24 (1): 27-33 Cross sectional study Country: Saudi (central region) N: 894 Age:12-20 -BMI overweight >85th -obese >95th BMI percentile -13.8% were overweight -20.5% were obese. Obesity and Related Behaviors among Adolescent School Boys in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia Mahfouz,A et al(2007) Journal of Tropical Pediatrics Vol. 54, No. 2 Country: Saudi (southern region) N: 2696 Age:11-19 -height -weight -BMI -general structured questionnaire underweight : -normal weight :15th- -Overweight :85th- -Obese:>95th percentile -questionnaire include question about socio-demographic condition, consumed food and physical activities. -16% were obese -95% had lack of exercise -obesity among adolescent in Abha is a health problem now and near future. Prevalence and socioeconomic risk factors of obesity among urban female students in Al-Khobar city, Eastern Saudi Arabia, 2003 Al-Saeed, W et al (2006) obesity reviews 8 , 93-99 cross sectional study Country: Saudi (Eastern region) N: 2239 Age:6-17 years -socio-demographic questionnaire -BMI -questionnaire given to parents to fill it out, includes question about fathers education, occupation and family incomes. -BMI= Weight (in kg)/Height (in m2). -20% were overweight -11% were obese -obesity and overweight in children are associated with highly educated mothers. -obesity among female is higher than male. Power (2009) voices compelling concerns about the prevalence of obesity within the gulf regions and focuses in particular on Saudi Arabia. According to Power (2009) obesity has now reached such a proportion that it is seriously beginning to threaten the Saudi community as becoming a nationwide epidemic. Furthermore empirical studies performed by Novotny (2003) have further implicated Saudi Arabia as the gulf capital for obesity as a sample of Saudi nationals over a five year period were selected utilizing a multistage stratified cluster sampling format with probability being proportionate to size. Physicians had a health obligation of measuring obesity accurately which was done through a quartet index of Body Mass Index. The data showed a sample of 8,865 participants comprising of 46.8% males with a mean age of 33.5 years. The prevalence of overweight came to 28.7% for females and 31.4% for males. With respect to obesity Novotny (2003) continues that holistic prevalence was 21.5% mal es and 25.4% for females. Indeed, the research design is suggestive of the notion that such figures many indeed represent accurate values nationally. According to the multiple logistic regression analysis, issues such as area, income, age and gender etc are from a statistical perspective significant predictors of obesity. Fairburn (2005) agrees and cites that the prevalence of obesity as the data suggests is normally higher in females than males due to sedentary lifestyles but lower in people residing in rural regions who adhere to traditional forms of life. Thus, the data may suggest that the prevalence and pattern of obesity according to gender and age is similar in Arab nations to those in western counties. The risk factors to children are huge. Power (2009) further mentions that Saudi Arabian children in particular are known to be sedentary kids and are more likely to gain weight due to a severe lack of physical activity. Fairburn (2005) however is adamant that some risk factors can be manipulated or modified and eagerly states that most of the risk factors impacting children are controllable in early life and thus negating the risk of heart disease later in life. Fairburn (2008) cites that parents can help children maintain a healthy body weight through physical activity and limiting salt consumption whilst educating them about the dangers of smoking highlighting that nicotine in cigarettes can cause the contraction of blood vessels and thus restricting blood flow through the vessels. In relation to obesity Fairburn (2005) argues that controlling portions containing fewer calories is the best way forward. Power (2009) however cites that this may not be applicable in all instances and states that more methodical ways need to be devised like fun games in order to increase activity. Further research among Saudi adolescents highlighted categorical variance that played a pertinent role in levels of childhood obesity. Amin et al. (2008) determined through quantitative research that male Saudi children with less educated parents and more working mothers were increasingly prone to obesity and overweight. In fact, such research is directly correlated with the work of Al-Subaie (2000) in which mothers education acted as a singular influence on Saudi females dietary habits formation. In a study by Al-Saeed et al. (2007) research amongst Saudi female students determined that parental working patterns were positively correlated to the incidence of childhood obesity. From this perspective, those children whose parents were actively working in private jobs were more likely to become obese. These specific demographic variables and their influence on Saudi obesity are essential to predicting incidence and moderating the increasing prevalence of this disease. From an alternate perspective, geographic research further explores the variability of obesity amongst Saudi adolescents. Regional research by Al-Nuaim et al. (1996) and El-Hazmi and Warsy (2002) has demonstrated that the incidence of obesity is positively correlated to geographic location in Saudi Arabia. These studies highlight increased obesity in the Eastern Province while the Southern Province demonstrated a significant decrease in incidence. El-Hazmi and Warsy (2002) postulate that such discrepancies may be directly related to environmental or genetic factors, thereby illuminating unique traits of obesity that are specific to Saudi Arabia. Further geographic research conducted by Khalid (2008) demonstrated that children at higher altitudes in Saudi Arabia tend to be increasingly overweight which has been suggested to be related to lifestyle and exercise habits. Each of these analyses provides a foundation of necessity for further evaluation of geographic differentiation in obes ity between rural and urban children in Saudi Arabia. Such evaluation could provide an undeniable link between exercise habits, diet, and income which allows regional officials to employ strategic preventative measures to reduce the incidence of obesity. Many medical and psychological risks and complications are associated with childhood obesity and overweight (Lobstein et al., 2004). ).. A strong relationship was found between asthma and BMI among obese and overweight children (Muà ±oz et al., 2001). Further, obesity can affect children emotionally and psychologically, as low self-esteem in obese children is likely to increase levels of anger and loneliness (Strauss, 2000).One of the main concerns of health professionals is the strong relationship between childhood obesity and subsequent adulthood obesity and overweight. Especially among adolescents, a high Body Mass Index (BMI) is highly predictive of obesity in adulthood (Laitinen et al., 2001). As result of the difficulties to assess the relationship between obesity in childhood and obesity in adulthood, epidemiological studies have used different design, age group, definitions and measurements (livingstone, 2000). Beside these limitations, more than one study have found that there is a strong relationship between childhood obesity and adulthood obesity (Whitaker et al., 1997);(Hill et al., 1998) ;(Gue et al., 1999). Obesity in adults is associated in turn with a variety of chronic diseases. For instance, a recent publication of the American Institute for Cancer Research (2007) found that an increase in body fat was associated with a variety of cause cancers including cancer of pancreas, oesophagus, colorectal, breast, kidney, allbladder and liver cancer (AICR, 2007). Roberts (2002) contends that obesity is closely linked to insulin resistance and to elevated blood pressure. Roberts (2002) further contends that complications arising from obesity typically include cancer like renal cell cancer, breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Mendosa (2005) agrees and underlines that other complications include sleep deprivation, liver malfunction, obstetric and gynaecologic complications, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, and hypertension. Mendosa (2005) in particular relates to the short term consequences of obesity as high blood pressure which can result due to a disproportionate body mass index. Mendosa (2005) cites that whilst high blood pressure has no immediate problems, it is a major risk factor which can lead to serious cardiovascular problems and ultimately heart disease. Wright et al (2005) agrees and further argues that with high blood pressure additional pressure is placed on the to heart to work more intensely in pumping blood around the body which can over a prolonged period of time damage arteries resulting in a blockage and thus a stroke. Contrarily though Roberts (2002) cites that whilst this is a short term problem, this problem mainly increases with age and thus adolescents are not at immediate risk. Wright et al (2005) further notes that osteoarthritis can also be a long term consequence which is a joints disorder. This arises due to additional pressure being placed on bones and joints due to obesity. Wight et al (2005) cites that even reducing weight by as little at 10% can minimise the risk of heart disease by improving blood circulation in the heart and osteoarthritis by negating pressure on bones. Fairburn (2005) further alludes to weight management and cites that blood pressure can decrease by up to 2.5/1.5 mmHg for each excess kilogram which is eliminated. Fairburn (2005) contends that a healthy diet is also essential in counteracting high blood pressure i.e. 6-8 portions of a plethora of fruit and vegetables and a low in salt/fat diet. Thus, high blood pressure is a short term problem which can lead to more serious long term problem but can be controlled through weight management and a sensible diet. Childhood obesity is become a major public health concern as result of its immediate and a later-life affects and consequences. Table 1.2 showed the early and late impacts of childhood obesity. Table1.2 Early and late impacts of childhood obesity (Wabitsch, 2000) Early impacts Late impacts Psychological problems Adulthood obesity Social consequences (low self-esteem and more loneliness) cancer Physical appearance Cardiovascular disease Metabolic disturbance Diabetes and hypertension Immune system and infection (High airway infection) Skin problems (acne and skin infection) Physical disabilities (decrease body mobility and activity) Mendosa (2005) refers to diabetes. Obesity can lead to both type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease and has affected almost nearly 42% of the adult population in Saudi Arabia. Mendosa cites that obesity and diabetes are both increasing at epidemic proportions that as many as 16% of the population may have even acquired metabolic syndrome. Wilson (2009) agrees and cites that chronic inflammatory response comprising of abnormal cytokine production, can lead to acute phase reactants and inflammatory signalling pathways being activated. According to Wright (2005) there is an intense correlation between obesity and health related quality of life due to multiple domains of quality of life and the heterogeneity of obesity. Furthermore as Wilson (2009) notes the concept of health related quality of life can be rather difficult to operationalise since from a theoretical standpoint it is inclusive of all issues of life. Power (2005) agrees and mentions that each domain of health is characterised by various components. As a consequence, quality of life is measurable by certain indices that mirror certain aspects of overall quality of life like functional restrictions and depression. Empirical studies as alluded to by Power (2005) have focused on the relationship between obesity and quality of life and have made use of generic scales instrumented specially for obese people. Additionally, as Wight (2005) notes obesity is a heterogeneous condition, and evidence does suggest that cultural, social, familial and individual facto rs can impact the level of obesity one contracts. In accordance with such a debate Power (2005) in particular argues that short term implications include difficulty in standing and walking. Power (2005) carried out dual studies in 2002 which solicited data from 120 obese individuals in the Saudi town of Tabuk. The data shows that 92 respondents depicted signs of limitations in relation to climbing several flights of stairs. Furthermore, all respondents displayed signs of physical wear and tear in relation to other activities whilst many also displayed emotional distress. However, the world health organisation (WHO) in contrast is critical and cites that underlying conditions such as arthritis may have contributed to this physical wear and tear. As such there is a link between obesity and poorer quality of life was in all age groups and both genders. A growing body of data has been correlated in obesity to suggest impairments in quality of life from a short term view are a genuine co ncern. Childhood obesity needs to be taken very seriously as contended by Poskitt (2008). Economic development in Saudi Arabia over the last three decades has lead to many changes in nutritional and lifestyle habits. Whilst these alterations have indeed influenced the quantity and quality of food consumption and predisposed individuals to a sedentary lifestyle, research of childhood obesity in Saudi Arabia is inadequate. The literature has shown that obesity has continued to proliferate in Saudi Arabia. Whilst some interventions have been imposed they have failed to substantially buck the trend of rising obesity statistics. The short term and long term consequences have been implicated as being a serious risk to those who are obese. Furthermore, the evidence does not bode well for childhood obesity which needs to be taken very seriously to prevent the emergence of such diseases as enlisted within the literature review. It should be studied and then implemented in the curriculum to prevent children from adopting a sedentary lifestyle leading to potentially deadly diseases. Study hypothesis: Urbanisation is negatively correlated to obesity Socio-economic status is ambiguously correlated to obesity Dietary intake is positively correlated to obesity Vitamin D deficiency is significantly associated with obesity Location: This study will be carried out in the Riyadh region which is one of the 13 regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Riyadh region is located in the centre of Saudi Arabia; it includes 21 small regions called Emirates. It also includes more than fifty rural areas all belong to these small Emirates. Study design and sampling: Cross- sectional study conducted in intermediate and secondary schools in Riyadh region in urban and rural areas. Age group: from 12-17 years male and female students. Participant will be recruited in urban and rural schools which have been chosen randomly based on schools list provided by educational authorities in Riyadh. Schools will be divided into 3 levels depend on the socio-economic statues of the locality; low, medium and high. Five schools will be randomly selected from each SES level. This study design to choose participant will be on two stages by using cluster sampling technique: First stage is choosing schools randomly.Second stage is choosing classrooms randomly. Then 50 participants will be randomly selected from each school by using school enrolment number. Eligibility: All students male and female age 12 to 17 years old attending and studying in the chosen schools. Ethical considerations: This study will be approved by the Social and Behavioral Research Ethics Committee of the Flinders University. Permission will be obtained from the local School Health and Education Directorate authorities. An introductory letter to participant explains research protocol and includes consent form for the parents. *Parents will be asked to sign consent if they wish their child to participate in this study. * In addition agreement will be obtained from children to ensure they do not object to participating in the study. *Parents and participant can refuse or withdraw at any time, even if they signed a consent form. *If they refuse or withdraw from this study, they dont have to give reason for it. Data collection and techniques: Anthropometric measurements All ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURMENTS will be measured by trained researchers and the accuracy of measurements will be checked before use. Researcher will use the SECA digital 763 (Germany) which is a combination scale (weight) and stadiometer (height). The instrument will be calibrated before use at regular intervals as per a standard operating procedure (SOP). Weight: Participant will be weighed without shoes and with minimal clothes. Height: participant will be measured with shoulder in relaxed position without shoes and looking straight ahead. BMI: calculation formula Body weight in Kg/Height in meter*2 (James, 2004). Waist circumference: will be measured with a flexible measuring tape. Blood pressure: by using electronic blood pressure machine, participants will be measured on the same arm with a standard cuff while the participant sitting and in a relax position. Three separate measurements will be taken and the average will be recorded (Pickering et al., 2005). Obesity and overweight determination: Based on the WHO growth chart table (Onis et al,2004); Underweight Nutrient intakes: By using Youth / Adolescents Food Frequency Questionnaire (YFFQ) (Rockett, 1995). This method will be validated with weighed food record on small sample size to evaluate appropriate when using it with Saudi adolescents. YFFQ in Arabic language will be created and students will be asked to complete this questionnaire in the classroom. For assessing food habits and behaviors, closed-ended questions will be added, including the following: frequency of breakfast last week, breakfast at home or outside, frequency consumption of fast food and soft drinks, consumption of confectionary, cakes and biscuits (e.g. ice cream, cake), eating while watching TV or computer. Physical activity: Exercises and physical activities will be measured by using metabolic equivalent (MET) questionnaire (Craig, 2003). Students will be asked to recall last 7days physical activity. It will include activity scale ranged from sleep to high physical activity. For each activity level, MET value will be multiplied by time spend in this activity level. The MET-time at each level will be added to get the total over 24 hours MET-time (Craig, 2003). Socioeconomic status: A self-adminstered questionnaire will be sent to parents to complete and return along with the consent form. It will include questions like household ownership of car, computer, TV and other equipment indicative of socio-economic tatus. -current residence If family has driver or housekeeper. Employment status Educational level. Family income. Family size. Breast feeding status of reference child (i.e. initiation and duration) -Own house or rent -Type of house; villa, town hose, house or unit. Biochemistry: A subsample of participants will be asked to provide a blood sample, obtained by venepuncture for analysis of vitamin D level in the blood. Trained registered nurse staff collected all blood samples. Blood samples were kept on ice and directly transported to a accredited pathology service centre within 12 hours. Vitamin D, lipids and blood glucose will be measured from this blood sample. Data management and data processing: Data entry and data processing will carry out using SPSS software. Expected Outcomes This study is designed to frame tangible data regarding the influence of urbanisation, SES, dietary intake, and physical activity on obesity in children localised to both urban and rural areas in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia. From initial study, benchmark hypotheses will be evaluated including the following suppositions: Physical activity is negatively correlated to obesity Socio-economic status is ambiguously correlated to obesity (non-exclusive)

Baseball vs. Football

If you’re like most Americans, you probably have a favorite NFL team. You probably watch football games on TV and if you live in a city with an NFL team, you may shell out the cash to buy a game ticket to cheer them on. That is to say, no matter where you live, you almost certainly watch the Super Bowl, even if it’s just to check out the exciting commercials. In fact, if you’re not wearing an NFL team logo hat, T-shirt, or jacket today, you’ll almost certainly run into someone who is. The NFL, it seems, has become an unavoidable presence in American culture. Although baseball is know as America’s favorite pastime, professional football is the country’s most popular sport, and has been since the 1960’s. According to Forbes Magazine, the NFL is economically the strongest sports organization in the world today. (Vogan, T. 2011) On the other hand, baseball legends like Babe Ruth, Willie Mays, and Roberto Clemente will always be remembered, especially for their outstanding accomplishments and remarkable sportsmanship. What happened to America’s favorite pastime sport? I grew up playing my favorite game baseball. I remember playing and dreaming of being one of my favorite players. I knew the stats of every player in the baseball league. In particularly, I loved going to the ball park, eating ball park franks, and watching my baseball hero’s play. This was the most exciting childhood memory for me. For this reason, I feel sorry for today’s children. They don’t know what it’s like to sit back and enjoy baseball, like it was back in those days. My greatest fear is that baseball is no longer America’s favorite game. What caused baseball to lose its popularity? It’s not easy to pinpoint. I can only speculate as to how this happened. For one thing, all the scandals, the controversy issues, and the trikes, fans have been disappointed by the unsportsmanlike conduct that resulted from this. The 1990 season bought major controversy. For example, Pete Rose was ruled ineligible for the hall of fame by major league baseball for gambling on games. Lets not forget about the Barry Bonds incident in 2007, that convicted him for the use of steroids in every vain of his body. Certainly, all of the steroid talk led other players down the same road. Players were randomly selected and busted on drug tests, the hitters in baseball have taken a backseat to the pitchers which no one wants to see. Another key point to why baseball is losing its swag, is because the ridiculous salaries paid to the players. USA today provided a detailed report, showing the total payroll for the New York Yankees. The payroll was at a whopping $202,689,025. The average salary for each player was $6,756. 300. (USA Today, 2011) Compared to the NFL New York Giants, total payroll was a mere $138,354,866 and averaged $2,470,622 per player. (USA Today, 2011) Consequently, this has caused a lot of controversy amongst the players, owners, and the league. Let’s talk reality, baseball owners are forking out a huge amount of money, to buy themselves a World Series. In my books you can’t buy a championship. To put it another way, NFL players must display a supreme test of strength and endurance. Unlike baseball, football has a high risk factor for injuries. When comparing the compensation of two sports, it appears the risk factor hasn’t been taken into consideration. In comparison to baseball, football has gained more popularity and amongst our generation today. In 2004 Gallup polls reported that, â€Å"64% percent of Americans identified themselves as football fans, 52% said they were baseball fans. (Isley. K, 2006 pg. 1) In the NFL, we see extremely talented NFL players. Day after day, these men go out and take a beaten. They earn the salary and gain the respect they deserve. You never hear the football league talking about strikes or walkouts. Of course, there are a few football players that embarrass the profession; but the numbers are a lot less noticeable. How many World Series can compare to the excitement of the last couple Super Bowls? The NFL has been able to make the Super Bowl not only exciting with the parity of the league, but they make it the most entertaining of all championship games. In Conclusion, in football we see talented players in the game, making less money then baseball players. They appear to be more loyal and genuine to the game of football. As a kid, I was huge fan of baseball, but I don’t love what it has become. Even though my heart will always be in baseball, I can honestly say that, â€Å"I’m a bigger football fan, at this time in my life†. It appears to be true that baseball is not nearly as popular any more as it once was. Clearly, baseball is not the favorite mass media sport anymore, and hasn’t been for the last 40 years. As television replaced radio as the preferred entertainment medium, football replaced baseball as the preferred sport to watch. References Keith, Isley (2006, August 18) Really? Is baseball less popular? Hard Ball Times, Retrieved from http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/really-is-baseball-less-popular/ USA Today. (2011) Salaries Databases. Retrieved from http://content.usatoday.com/sportsdata/baseball/mlb/salaries/team Vogan, Thomas. (2011, May 02,) Historians, storytellers, mythmakers: NFL films and pro football experience. Proquest Dissertation and Theses. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/862727108?accountid=87314